Small scale Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small scale Project - Essay Example Many researchers have proposed the sole solution to be based on proper management of the students’ times regarding the attendance of their classes and taking their assignments promptly and accurately. It is not easy however to control the students’ behavior in a university context (Cierno, Kilpatrick, Resnick, Saunders, & Best, 1996) given the large number of students and the uncaring nature of most of the university lecturers. The entire process therefore lies in the students themselves to ensure that they uplift their performances by properly managing their time and events while at school. This research paper will examine and address the factors that are important to the University of East London undergraduates to help them to learn effectively on their courses. This research will be conducted by using two primary qualitative data searching methods namely; the use of questionnaires and interviews. An accurate sample size will be computed from the entire university pop ulation to act as a representation for the generalization of findings for accuracy purposes. Data analysis will be conducted both qualitatively and quantitatively to allow for generalization of the generated findings to the entire student population. Research methodology Sampling criteria The entire student population is too big to be studied in totality calling for the use of just a section of the population. However, accurate sample size has to be designed in order to clean the data of biases of time and personal preferences. In line with this, accurate sampling techniques will be employed in this research in order to come up with a more representative result from the findings. Yamane formula will be employed in coming up with the most convenient and representative sample size. The formula provides a confidence level of 95%, (Bell, 1995). The method of proportional allocation will be used to allocate samples to strata. This method ensures that the sizes of samples from different s trata are proportional to the size of the strata. From the Yamane formula, Where, n= sample size N= population size e=level of precision Using the formula above, a total of 40 students will be extracted from the total population to be included in the sample frame for this research. The 40 students will be acquired by stratifying the students according to their grades based on their current years of study. The samples will be selected from each stratum by using simple random sampling method. This will ensure that a proper criterion is followed in selecting the sample string for the entire population. According to Carter & Thomas, (1997), random sampling techniques help in eliminating personal and time biases hence the main idea behind its choice. The entire population which is to be studied in this research, all students from the University of East London is very big and cannot be reached adequately using the primary data collection methods that would be employed in th

Automation Assembly Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Automation Assembly Parts - Essay Example QFD has evolved from being a tool for product and process design to being used for strategic planning systematically linking customer requirements with organisational functions and processes. A study has been proposed to review QFD practices and develop a mechanism for implementing QFD. The objective of the study is to review available literature on QFD, and develop a methodology for QFD implementation within an organisation. Published literature in journals, conferences, and case studies would be considered for the study. The development of a product includes several processes, and QFD enables an analysis of every process for satisfying customer requirements within the functional constraints of the organisation. The scope of this study is QFD in a manufacturing organisation. The report will include an understanding of best QFD practices and an illustration for implementing QFD. It is expected that the results of the study will reinforce the use of QFD as a quality management techniq ue, and help identify the ideal ways of implementing QFD in a manufacturing organisation. The assurance of quality in a manufacturing organisation does not only help satisfy customer requirements, but also cut costs and improve efficiency. A study has been proposed to study statistical tools that have been deployed in the manufacturing industry to assure quality. Statistical tools include testing of hypotheses, analysis of regression, control charts, process capability, and six sigma. The study will include review of published literature in journals, conferences, books and case studies to identify best practices involving the use of statistical tools in a manufacturing organisation. Statistical distributions have been used to characterize populations based on a sample. Hypothesis testing has been deployed to help distinguish between areas of concern. Experiments are designed to

Nick Leeson’s strategy to earn trading profits on derivatives?

Nick Leeson’s strategy to earn trading profits on derivatives? Originally, trader Nick Leeson was supposed to be exploiting low-risk arbitrage opportunities that would leverage price differences in similar equity derivatives on the Singapore Money Exchange (SIMEX) and the Osaka Exchange. In fact, he made up a strategy to earn trading profits on derivatives where he would have to take much riskier positions by buying and selling different amounts of the contracts on the two exchanges or buying and selling contracts of different types. Leeson was speculating wildly and completely without authorization, in massive amounts on movements in the Japanese stock and bond markets. Leesons trading activities mainly involved three futures markets: Futures on the Japanese Nikkei 225 stock index, futures on 10-year Japanese Government bonds (JGB futures) and European futures. Leeson executed a trading strategy known as a straddle, with the objective of making a profit by selling put and call options on the same underlying financial instrument, in this case, the Nikkei 225 Index. Most of his trading was a bet on the volatility of the Tokyo stock and bond markets. In his futures positions, he was betting that the Tokyo stock market would rise and the bond market would fall. He was long Nikkei 225 futures, short Japanese government bond futures, and short both put and call options on the Nikkei Index. He was betting that the Nikkei index would rise, but he was wrong; instead it fell, causing him to lose $1.39 billion. A straddle will generally produce positive earnings when markets are stable but can result in large losses if markets are volatile. He planned his strategy taking into consideration the Japanese futures market as in Japan the margin is posted on a net basis for all costumers and if there are customers who are in short position, firm can take long position without any need to pay the call margin. He utilized this opportunity through his bogus error account 88888 and companies account 99002. What went wrong that caused his strategy to fail? Leesons strategy failed because he was taking into consideration that the market had experienced an extended bull run throughout the late 1980s and after that, it had fallen to half of its 1989 high. He thought that it had fallen enough and from now it would only go up, and he continued to bet that it would rise; but the Nikkei 225 index only kept falling. Leeson further increased the size of his open positions even as his losses increased due to volatility in the markets. He did nothing to hedge his position to lay off his potential losses if the markets did move the wrong way. In effect, Leeson was accepting unlimited liability. The second thing that was that he was relying on the bank interest rate; that it would decrease but eventually the exact opposite happened and the interest rate increased to a high. He thought if that the interest rates were low at the moment and if they were going to rise they would hurt him as more of the investors would move towards safe earning through the high interest rate returns, making the investment into market to reduce and hence to make himself on the safer side he invested into government bonds futures. Nick Leesons doubling strategy failed because he increased the size of his open positions even as his losses increased due to volatility in the markets and kept doubling his contracts whilst the Nikkei 225 continue to plummet following an earthquake in Japan. However, Leesons unauthorized trading positions suffered huge losses, and his operation unraveled. Moreover, interest rates did not rise as he expected which lead to further losses incurred on the Japanese government bond futures. He left the behind with huge liabilities totaling $1.4 billion, leading to the bankruptcy to the one of the oldest bank in Britain. Why did Nick Leeson establish a bogus error account (88888) when a legitimate account (99002) already existed? Nick Leeson established a bogus error account (88888) even when a legitimate account (99002) already existed, in order to conceal his unauthorized trading activities. Initially he claimed that he opened the error account (88888) to conceal a single loss of 20,000 pounds sterling that had resulted from an accounting error until he could make up the difference through trading. However, he continued booking various losses into the error account (88888) as a holding area for any premiums or losses that he made and also continued to increase his volume of trading and level of risk taking. It was a loophole he exploited to set up bogus accounts for non-existent clients to mask mounting debts. While the legitimate error account was known to Barings Securities in London, the bogus account was not. However, the bogus account was known to SIMEX as a customer account, not as an error account. In this way, Leeson could hide his balances and losses from London but not Singapore. One the other hand, SIMEX thought the bogus error account, 88888, was a legitimate customer account rather than a proprietary Barings account. The account enabled Leeson to take advantage of the rules of Japanese Futures market at that time. In Japan margin was posted on net basis for all customers. Therefore if many customers were short index futures, the firm could take long position without having to post cash margins. Why did Barings and its auditors not discover that the error account was used by Leeson for unauthorized trading? The reason why Barings and its auditors did not discover Leesons unauthorized trading and fraudulent activities was mostly a lack of internal checks and balances, and because Leeson was hiding in Barings organized chaos. Leeson was also given power due to his knowledge and there was no inquiry done into his trading just because he reported a profit to the company. Barings was impressed by Leesons achievements which lead them not to disclose to SIMEX that he infact had been disqualified from taking the UK traders exam (Broady, Roland, Woods, 2008). According to Ron Baker, the Head of Financial Products Group for Barings, There were no clearly laid down reporting lines with regard to Leeson, and in actual fact, there were several people responsible for keeping an eye on Leesons performance, but each one of them assumed that the other was watching closer than them, thus allowing Leeson several holes to get through. An internal auditor audited the Singapore office of Barings in 1994 and he reported that unauthorized trading could have happened because of the fundamental principle of the industry segregation of front and back office activities. The results were disclosed to the directors as well as some of the auditors recommendations, but the directors did not implement these recommendations (Collier Agyei-Ampomah, 2006). Moreover, Leesons actions could have been avoided if the Barings executives had done a comprehensive review of Leesons funding requirements, as well as set restrictions to what Leeson could or could not do. However, he also discovered that none of these changes to the internal structure had been implemented when the bank collapsed. One of the main reasons why Leeson was able to get away with so much was that there was no clear segregation of duties (Broady, Roland, Woods, 2008). The nature of the Japanese futures market at the time did not require exchanges to have a separation between the customer and the proprietary funds, which made it difficult to separate the funds and the position of the firm or customer. Leeson was left to be in control of everything that should have been checked by a superior or manager of some other department, which enabled him to track and modify the contents of his rogue account as he wished and keep his activities from being disclosed. Although the Director of BFS and the Finance Director of BSS, Simon Jones, pledged to the public that he would attend to the issue of segregation, he never actually took any action to separate Leesons front and back office doings. The Bank of England made a report on the matter and according to the report, the London senior management actually considered Jones to be an inadequate communicator, and were concerned with the fact that he was not as involved as he should have been in the affairs of BFS. Furthermore, the Bank of London also criticized the process of Leesons funding. Firstly, credit checks should have been performed on the large amounts of funds changing hands, but this was not performed either. Secondly, Bank of London discovered that there was no clear record of whether the funds reported were needed for its clients, or for its own accounts. This made reconciliation virtually impossible. The trading account was also not shown on any files or statements transmitted from Singapore to London, and thus auditors could not find any existence of the error account. Moreover, SIMEX categorized the 88888 account as a customer account rather than an error account. Internally, Barings had raised issues about having proper reconciliation in 1992. The risk manager of Londons branch, Gordon Bowser, had strongly recommended a development of a solid reconciliation process. However, Bowser left two others (Simon Jones and Tony Dickel) who had internal conflict over Leeson, to decide on the matter of reconciliation procedures, there was no solid arrangement between the two and Leeson was left to create the procedures for himself, allowing him to dictate the way he managed things. The loss of reconciliation meant that auditors could not trace the nature of these funds and thus they were unable to uncover the error account that Leeson used for his tradings. Over the years, there were several cases of internal conflict which was beneficial to Leesons stealthy activities. A particular example of this was in 1995, where SIMEX became apprehensive about the ability of Barings to meet its large margins in Leesons error account. SIMEX addressed a letter to Simon Jones, with the letter noting that a further $100 million should have been in account 88888. Instead of addressing the matter himself directly, Jones passed the letter to Leeson for Leeson to draft a response on his own. Lastly, when Leesons activities were finally being caught on by SIMEX, but they had not managed to find out exactly what was happening, SIMEX posted another letter to the Singapore branch, expressing doubts about Barings ability to fun margin calls. The letter was then referred back to London and from there; SIMEX was assured that opposite positions were being held in Japan. However, the truth was no opposite positions were being held and SIMEX officials made no follow-up checks with Osakas Stock Exchange to authenticate the claims. Why did none of the regulatory authorities in Singapore, Japan, and the United Kingdom not discover the true use of the error account? None of the regulatory bodies of Singapore, Japan on the UK discovered the true use of Leesons error account because firstly, it was visible to them only as a customer account, and SIMEX had also granted an exemption on the number of contracts that Barings could hold with the presumption that Barings was hedging and not speculating. This is in fact due to Barings conservative firm reputation, which lulled exchange and clearing houses into a false sense of security. Additionally, Barings speculative position was hidden with the use of an omnibus account and with this account, the brokers customers identities could successfully be hidden from the exchange and clearing houses. A number of happenings in the UK also allowed Leeson to hide and manage his activities easier. At that time, the Bank of England had a rule known as the Large Exposure Rule which stated that a bank is unable to lend more than 25% of its capital to any single entity. Barings made a request to Bank of London for an exception and argued that one exchange should not be classified as one entity. The supervisor in charge of Barings activities recognized the argument and the request and promised to review it and in the meantime, he offered Barings an informal concession for Japan, which Barings extended to Singapore and Hong Kong. On the matter of the Large Exposure Rule, the supervisor failed to respond until one whole year later, and his answer was that there were no exceptions to be made and the positions taken under the informal concession should be unwound. By that time, the damage had already been done. The Bank of England also found that following the consolidation of Baring Securities Ltd and Baring Brothers and Co., it allowed the two to be categorized as one entity for capital adequacy and large exposure purposes, but the process of this consolidation was too informal and the results of it played a part in Leesons unauthorized activities. This not only meant that Leeson could hide his activities, but also the fact that he had access to a much larger pool of capital. Why was Barings Bank willing to transfer large cash sums to Barings Futures Singapore? Barings Bank believed that the large cash sums transferred to Barings Futures Singapore was for loans to customers as portrayed on the Barings Futures Singapore balance sheet. The key aspect of Japanese Future market was that exchange did not require a separation between customer and propriety funds. Therefore it was impossible to distinguish between the firms and the customers position. Why did the attempt by the Bank of England to organize a bailout for Barings fail? Throughout that weekend, the Bank of England hosted meetings in London to try to form a consortium to bail out Barings. The attempt by the Bank of England to organize a bailout for Barings failed because no one would assume the contingent risk of additional, but as yet undiscovered losses. Bank of London made a huge effort to organize a bailout for Barings bank. The bailout failed because Barings bank reached the position where losses amounted more than double the capitalization of the bank;, estimated losses approached $1.1 billion. Further losses were inevitable and thus there was no one ready to assume the contingent risk of additional but yet undiscovered losses. The bank was trapped in such a situation that the amount of future losses was unknown and unrevealed due to the unauthorized dealing by Nick Leeson. Suggest regulatory and management reforms that might prevent a future debacle of the type that bankrupted Barings. There have been numerous cases of collapses and overwhelming losses to companies in the corporate and banking sector and this called for some serious reformation, with particular attention to derivatives. The entire sector did not sit up and take notice until the Baring Brothers bankruptcy. How could an entity steeped with trust and history fall apart with no signs? Following the bankruptcy, reports were created by the Bank of England, SIMEX, and the Group of Thirty to suggest ways in which regulators and legislators could increase monitoring of financial activities. After the collapse of Barings Bank, an article was published with the name of Global Institutions, National Supervision and Systemic Risk, and this article underlines the reforms and changes in the financial sector that have already been implemented. The reforms that have already been implemented included: the expanded usage of netting and collateral; enhancements in methods to measure risk; greater off-balance-sheet risk disclosure; extensive increases in major financial institutions equity capital, financial sector consolidation; and encouragement of growth of securitization. The Bank of Englands report detailed how the losses occurred, the reason the losses were unnoticed in and out of Barings, and the lessons learnt from the bankruptcy. The following are the five lessons the Bank of England identified (Ambit ERisk, 2010): Management teams have a duty to understand fully the business that they manage; Responsibility for each business activity has to be clearly established and communicated; Clear segregation of duties is fundamental to any effective control system; Relevant internal controls, including independent risk management, have to be established for all business activities; Top management and the Audit Committee have to ensure that significant weaknesses, identified to them by internal audit or otherwise, are resolved quickly. The list that Bank of England came up with seemed simple, but the truth was one (or usually several) points listed were often the reason why corporations lost large amounts of money in the derivatives market. Other ways in which to prevent future debacles like the Barings collapse would be an increase in supervision of employees. Leeson never had a trading license prior to his arrival to Singapore and there was scarce monitoring of his activities since no one person was directly responsible for supervising his trading activities (Burnett, 2006). Also, a clear reporting line should be enforced because Leesons fraud could have been facilitated by confusion in having two reporting lines: one to London for proprietary trading and the other to Tokyo for customer trading. Top management should also be aware of the business that they are dealing with. In the case of Barings Bank, Leeson was reporting huge profits to the company but top management should have known that arbitraging is a relatively low risk and low profit business (Collier Agyei-Ampomah, 2006), so how on earth could Leeson have been reporting such massive profits? Top management could have identified these flaws immediately if they had known and had they done their job properly (Narayanaswamy, 2008). It is thus very important for top management to have sufficient knowledge of the field (or be involved in) to understand the complexities of business and its fundamental concepts. Based in Washington DC, the Group of Thirty began to be particularly apprehensive of the risks that derivatives posed. The Group has issued numerous periodicals to address these problems, mainly publications like International Insolvencies in the Financial Sector, Discussion Draft, which outlined fourteen ideas to reduce risk in the financial sector, particularly with derivatives. Another publication titled International Insolvencies in the Financial Sector, Summary of Comments from Respondent Countries on Discussion Draft, which showed member countries responses and opinions regarding the proposed changes to financial institutions. It was noted that the support for these changes were generally strong among all the countries that responded, which showed how Barings failure rocked the entire worlds confidences in the financial sector.

powmac Macbeth: His Downfall Was Due to His Ambition for Power :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: His Downfall Was Due to His Ambition for Power In the Shakespearean novel Macbeth, the protagonist Macbeth is caught in a down spiral induced by his ambition which in the end, was the cause of his tragic end. Macbeth, once a great hero falls victim of his ambition for power. Although the protagonist initially tries to resist his human urge, he in the end committed crime his country, his friends, and sadly himself. Macbeth's first great crime was the crime against his country. In the beginning, Macbeth was described by his fellow noblemen as a great, loyal soldier, giving all he has for his country. Soon, it becomes evident when the witches foretells Macbeth future: "All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter" (I. iii. 53) that Macbeth will be destined for greatness but not in the way he thinks. After receiving the three prophecies, Macbeth is intrigue by the idea the he will be king hereafter. He soon shows his intention to carry out the prophecies in his aside: "The prince of Cumberland! that is a step on which I must fall down, or else o'er-leap, for in my way it lies" (I. iv. 55-57). With the help of his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth was able to kill the Duncan, the king of Scotland, a man whom trusted and loved Macbeth. With Duncan dead and the two princes fleeing, Macbeth was crowned king of Scotland. In the end, Macbeth had fulfilled his prophecies but in doing, he had committed treason against his country. Macbeth's second great crime was committed against his friends, the people around him whom use to admire him. After he had been crowned king, Macbeth believed his greatest obstacle had been overcame but that assumption was far the truth. By committing the first great crime, Macbeth had unconsciously paved the way for his downfall. Perhaps the turning point of the novel in which Macbeth kills Banquo; his loyal friend, that Macbeth's character begins to deteriorate. In one of his aside: "The very firstling of my heart shall be the firstling of my hand" (IV. i. 161-162) Macbeth's mental deterioration becomes visible. This aside is crucial because it foreshadows the future events to come. Macbeth now seems to have not a shred of decency or guilt left in him. Because of his irrational thinking, Macbeth commits probably the worst crime he had every committed. Macbeth had his Macduff's family slaughtered. This crime was so horrendous because unlike Macbeth's prior murders, this one had no other purpose but to quench Macbeth hatred of his rival Macduff. It soon became clear that

Impact of divorce and remarriage on intergenerational relationships Essay

Any stressful event always constitutes negative effect on an individual that experienced crisis like divorce; the experience was traumatic especially with children. Memories of a painful divorce can offer ambivalence in the child which rankles into emotional problems in adulthood. â€Å"Children of divorced parents often feel cheated of the happy intact homes in which they imagine how other children with intact parents grow up. † And this kind of feelings can be prolonged. Divorce is much more complex than it appears on the surface, ending a marriage relationship does not end in four corners of the court room. It is a series of events and negative behavior on the part of their children and also on the couples. The emotional stress that takes a period of time heal, the affection of love was alter with anger, frustration, hurt resentment and hatred. Divorced parents and children suffer from their own and others, perception that their family assemblage is deviant and inferior. Divorce and remarriage reshapes relations in the child’s immediate family. But the data from different studies revealed that marital disruption restructures the boundaries of the extended family as well. Divorce, particularly when it attenuates the link between the outside parent and child, reduces the child’s access to one line of the family. Or from the perspective of grandparents, it can weaken intergenerational bonds between the families of the non-custodial parent of the child. This finding must be qualified in certain respects. In a substantial minority of cases, the grandparents continue to see the child on a fairly regular basis. If the non-custodial parent maintains regular contact with the child, then the link to the grandparents is often preserved. Even when contact slackens between the outside parents and child, the grandparents typically continue to see the child if they live close by and maintain reasonably amicable relations with the custodial parents are committed to preserving these intergenerational ties; some even continue to see the child if they live close be and maintain reasonably amicable relations with the custodial parent. Most custodial parents are committed to preserving these intergenerational ties; some even continue to regard their former in-laws as their relatives because they are the child’s kin. Despite these commitments, relation between the non-custodial grandparents and their grandchildren are rarely as active as they might have been had the divorce not occurred. Their children who personally witness all this stressful events will definitely developed problem even how supple they may be. Usually the end result of these experiences has resulted to another social problem such as juvenile delinquencies, in the research most this young offenders is product of broken family. For they have experience fears of betrayal, abandonment, loss and rejection. They also developed less capability to developed and maintain supportive relationship since they have fear of experiencing divorce in their future families. So what can we do if this matter is inevitable, if your kids are old enough to understand your situation talk to them and explain everything, resolve divorce-related anxiety and confusion. Let them express their feeling on this matters, always be there for them. Let them know they are loved and they will never be neglected even their parents are now separated. Though divorce and re-marriage are socially acceptable and commonplace in American society, but remarriage is an incomplete institution. The rights and obligations of parents and stepchildren in reconstituted families are open to negotiation and interpretation. The same holds for relationships between step-grandparents and their step-children. There are no social norms of inheritance for step-grandchildren or for grandchildren who have been estranged through divorce and custody battles. Many say the older Americans must now confront stepgrandparenting issues without clear cut norms or role-models. The result is that their estate planning is often tentative and confused not a situation which lends itself to easy communication with heirs of beneficiaries. During the separation and divorce process and continuing for at least a year after divorce, single mothers are often preoccupied with their own depression, anger or emotional needs and are unable to respond sensitively to their children. We hypothesize that such dysfunctions in maternal adjustment result in a lowered tolerance of the child’s behavior, which directly impacts maternal perceptions are a product of both the child’s behavior and the parent’s tolerance level. It appears plausible that depression influences individual differences between parents in their tolerance for a range of child behaviors. Clinical symptoms that covary with depression, such as distractibility and insomnia, may increase the probability that single mother will selectively attend to relatively low frequency inappropriate behavior, creating impressions of the children’s adjustment that are not warranted by objective counts of behavior. Alternately, parental depression and distress may increase attention to relatively high frequency non-complaint behaviors that were not interpreted as bothersome prior to the onset of personal distress. On a behavior level, changes in perceptions may result in the disproportionate use of ineffective child-management strategies and authoritarian control at a time when parents seek to limit interactions with their children. By contrast, divorce frequently intensifies the child’s bonds with the custodial parent’s family. Often, the parent turns to relatives for help at the time of divorce. Divorce is a smidgen of an emotional roller coater ride, it consist of variation of mixed emotions. One minute you are relieved that your traumatic quarrel has finally ended and the next minute you’re feeling panic-stricken about how you are going to survive financially. Yes as mention above it is something negative for it has a great impact to both parents and their children. The above mentioned effects is their children ways of fighting against the sadness of the loss, against the anxiety of helplessness, as warding off threatening aspects of the self and as defiance against the abandonment. Divorce is also a change in the development of a family. In reality there are relationships that suffer in domestic violence, for in most of these cases, the children would almost certainly have greatly affected so if they file for divorce their children will also have benefited from the parents staying together,† These are the cases for which it makes sense to talk about negative consequences of divorce. For persons whose parents had high conflict marriages, it makes sense to talk about negative consequences of failed parental marriages, but the divorces themselves may typically lessen those consequences. This type is called good divorce, the agreeable divorce that avoids pitfalls such as involving children in parental disagreement. It has been reflected to avoid or significantly lessen the unhelpful consequences on children, supporting the notion that divorce itself is less imperative than the way parents handle it. Though, this is not relatively proper in terms of the effects on children for it still have impact on their personalities, it is a better option than continuously suffer on this kind of situation. Managing a relationship is one of the hardest tasks we encounter in our lives; each person has its own characteristics, identity and views in life. Combining two unique personalities sometimes may result to clash; especially when the issues involve touches one’s values or principles. So when people involve feels abuse or being hurt the argument is whether you should incline to divorce or stick to the values on keeping one family and resolving its differences. Accepting one’s view or personality is the key sign on how you should think and behave, in the process of psychotherapy being you need to take every thing slowly. For many people who ask for opinion in such matter doesn’t want to take what is most suitable for the situation they only want to hear what they prefer to hear. Or sometimes they already knew what to do but they just want permission for them to pursue their plans. Maturity is one of the bases of a successful marriage, as an adult you should know better what will benefit y our family, why continue acts that you know bothers your partner, both of you must have communication for you to settle issues that matters in your relationship. With that conversation, you should be able to explain why you have been doing such act, you should be able to scrutinize the root of this behavior, both of you must recognize if such act can be change for the better or just accept it as it was for you both think that it has no solution. If in case that you agree that it has to be eliminated, partners must support each other in taking this task. While if there are no choice would you go for changing of one’ partner to the interest of your spouse no matter what is your decision it really depends on you since you are the only one involve her. I believe no trouble in this world that can’t be resolved in a diplomatic communication. The impact of divorce varies across the dimensions of the relationship and generally differs for sons and daughters. However parents own earlier lack of custody for their now adult children matters importantly: Compared to parents with continuous childhood custody, non-custodial parents report less closeness to their adult children. This finding suggests that a pathway should be added to the model, a direct connection between parental divorce and subsequent intergenerational ties. The norms governing remarried parents and what they owe to children from their previous marriages are even more ambiguous. The most revealing data on how little reciprocity there is between remarried parents and their children from prior marriages. The attitudes of divorced parents and those of step grandparents are ambivalent at best. This is why divorce and remarriage may well be creating vast numbers of heirs and spares. When in comes to changing one’s self, I personally think that there is nothing wrong with it as long it wont hurt your partner, if this is for the betterment of your partner then why not. It doest mean that when you do the same interest of your partner you will follow him on what he’s been doing for example in the case of this study when the wife complain of his husband attitude on reading while having dinner and the adviser told her to do the same. This is possible but such act needs proper places like I have said communicate then tell your husband to act adequately so that you two won’t have any trouble. The focal relationship is between offspring divorce and subsequent intergenerational family ties. From this perspective, having been a non-custodial parent during the childhood of one’s now adult children occupies the role of antecedent variable. Parental divorce to adult children’s divorce, they do not explicitly report effects of parental divorce on intergenerational family ties, the probable presence of this connection is revealed by bringing together results from these two studies. Divorce affects contact with parents among daughters but not among sons. Specifically, divorced daughter with custody of children visit and talk to parents on the telephone more often than married daughter; remarried daughters talk to parents on the telephone slightly less often than married daughters. Divorce and remarriage are weakening the intergenerational cement in many families, but other social and demographic changes have the opposite effect as they strengthen intergenerational linkages and make families more cohesive. Perhaps the single most important change is the increased life expectancy of the U. S. population. The impact has been especially pronounced in middle-income and upper-income families, the very families which were most likely to be evasive about inheritance. There will be more communication about inheritance in such families because the graying of America has produced new reciprocities and obligations between aging parents and their adult children. Marriage, divorce and remarriage are part of reorganization process that entails a series of major changes in the family. The cleavages created in the nuclear family during this dynamic period have ramifications that affect the kinship system and ultimately the status of the older generation. It is also likely that divorced individual receive fewer supports from family and friends than do the widowed. Intergenerational patterns are disturbed, they are likely than married their counterpart to be available to their children and grandchildren, some of whom are also likely to be divorced. It is not possible to quantify the impact of such intergenerational effects on the prospects for divorce rates. The dissolution of marriage is unlikely to be the realization of some lifetime plan, but rather a consequence of disappointed expectations. The high rates of dissolution in the first few years of marriage support this view. In a relationship one’s sovereignty in the family is respected by both partners, it was never like before that man is the only have the autonomy, yes we do have changes now but still some values are still intact and must be observed. But also we must be aware that these changes are one of the reasons why we have numerous divorces in the country, if only the people will accept and understand each other these things won’t happen. Sometimes also we can find oneself by other person, we discover some of our capabilities in dealing with other person. There is a cliche in a relationship that one person is complete when they find they partner in life, so it only means that in some ways husband and wives are connected with each other. But it is different when the marriage is arrange and if things wont go well, couple in this situation often resolve to divorce, so to prevent this from happening even if the marriage is fix, the couple must be given an due time to know each other better and let them fall in love the natural way, with this solution factors such adultery, abuse and other marital problem can be prevented. Another factor, which is idyllic to our culture, is mutuality. We don’t accept notion that compromise to the abuse of women, equality is vital so that selfish partners can be eradicate. Though some wives are defenseless and they require rescue from other person this is under special case that another issue will tackle, but it will surely end up forcing self-assertion to filing a divorce. However even we acknowledge the disgust in divorce, in reality we have a thousand of cases allover the nation, and because of this it represent our values with regards with our modern marriages. Thorough studies of one self-entrusting our principles with all the ambiguity and we are able to put up with the system. Being in love or have been or might think you will be in time is what matters most for love is continuous passion and understanding, sweeping off your feet. Value the investment of emotion, the time you spent together and those creative efforts you both have put into your relationship. Intimacy must always be intact along with your values that would help in developing your relationship for the better and controlling all the problems that you may encounter. Remember that God bonds your relationship so you must value it. Reference: Mclanahan, S. Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational Consequences of Family Disruption.. The American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 94, No. 1 pp. 130-152 Amato, P. R. (1996). Explaining the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 58, No. 3. pp. 628-640 Furstenberg, F. F. Jr. , Hoffman, S. D. and Shrestha, L. (1995). Demography, Vol. 32 No. 3. Family and Household Demography. pp. 319-333 Booth, A. Brinkerhoff, D. B. and White, L. K. (1984). The Impact of Parental Divorce of Courtship. Journal of Marriage and the Family. Vol. , 46 No. 1 pp. 85-94 Lamanna, M. A. and Reidmann, A. (2005). Marriages & Families: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Belmont, CA. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 510 Adams, B. N. and Trost, J. (2005). Handbook of World Families. Sage Publications inc. p. 190 Segrin, C. and Flora, J. (2005). Family Communication. New York, NY. Routledge. p. 181.

Intermediate certificate in Human Resource Management Essay

Is the criticism of HR in the article justified? Yes and no! The quote in the article from Dona Roche-Tarry is fairly damning. She states the HR team should be equally responsible as they work alongside the CEO and MDs to recommend strategies for pay and bonuses. Whilst HR may work alongside the senior decision makers, they can only make recommendations. The ultimate decision and power lies with the CEO. However, another perspective could be that HR need to be influencers, and should be more efficient at managing upwards. What are the main accusations being laid at the door of HR in this scenario in terms of its competence? Not being responsive Lack of knowledge Being unethical What are the implications for HR here in relation to professional ethics, integrity and confidentiality? The main implication is being seen to be unethical to stakeholders. This could result in HR being seen as not communicating and could have a negative impact on how people perceive HR to be importance wise. Integrity is also damaged by not being seen to have provided a voice in relation to political equality. How might HR been able to influence the situation more? By managing relationships better across hierarchies, and also by forward planning, being market savvy, and risk management. Predicting the issues  before they arose and either finding ways to avoid them or developing damage limitation scenarios and plans. What other key behaviours from the CIPD’s HR professional map do you think are critical here for HR to display? Skilled influencer Courage to challenge Personally credible Collaborative What learning can HR take away from this experience/situation? The main learning is to be more responsive, and take more of an active role in discussions regarding important issues such as renumeration Being seen to consult stakeholders and provide senior stakeholders with a more accurate company and market view. Improved communication across all levels needs to be implemented.

Professionalism

Professionalism Introduction Thomas Kuhn’s edition of the Structure of Scientific Revolution that was written in 1962 made him to be regarded as one of the great academician of science. He wrote on the science history and came up with important notions concerning philosophy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolution’ made him famous and its one of the academic books that is cited mostly today. Kuhn made significant contributions that helped to create a different approach as far as the philosophy of science is concerned. He came up with a completely different view about life and the scientific changes that occurs during ones lifetime. He argued that science has really enjoyed stable growth periods that are characterized by revolutions, which are reversionary. The science visionaries that preceded Kuhn did not have any diff erent views but they only made some advancement to what Kuhn had already initiated. Kuhn held the view that science was basically altered profoundly by a new law that brought about significant changes in the field of science. Just like in politics, science also involves social institutions and thus Kuhn argues that no one scientist can work alone and that science are usually conducted by a group of scientists who have a similar research agenda. Kuhn also presented the idea that science usually doesn’t evolve towards truth gradually but instead there arises some periodic revolutions known as paradigm shifts i.e. the journey towards scientific revolution is marathon one but not an instant one (Kuhn, 1962). This paper explores the meaning of the period of pre-science and normal science according to Kuhn. The paper also distinguishes the two periods by the use of the period of mercantilism as well as the century of classical economics. Finally the paper examines on how the distin ctions by the two periods agrees with the Kuhn’s views i.e. to see if there is a correlation between the Kuhn’s distinction of both the pre science and normal science and the classical economists’ mercantilism and the century of classical economics . Definitions of pre science and normal science During his analysis on the science history, Kuhn identified that there are normally three phases that are common in the development of science namely; the pre-science, normal science and the emergence of problems. Kuhn describes the first phase i.e. the pre-science, as a period which was characterized by the absence of consensus regarding the manner in which the theories were developed. Some theorists thus criticize this phase as having no clear explanation about the concepts and development of science while others claims that the theories are too comprehensive as they lack consensus and explanation. Kuhn was noted that the theories in this phase were incomplete and inco mpatible.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He defined pre-science period as an early development period of field research during which the field is delimiting its scope and subject matter i.e. a period during which the field is establishing its roots. During this period, no single theoretical position or paradigm is sufficiently accepted so as to justify a research effort that is well concerted and this renders the research activity to proceed in a piecemeal manner. It is also during this period that a range of diverse research topics are researched and the research topics linked in tenuous manners because subject matter itself doesn’t fit well with the defined pre- exiting fields due to the existence of common theoretic themes which are unifying. The noble trends of this period includes the emergence of the experimental science, as well as the shrinkage of relative distance as a result of the major improvements in communication and transportation and rapid innovation, authoritarian of nations and civic politics (Arbeitskreis, 1961) The pre -science period is replaced by normal science. Kuhn termed this period ‘normal science’ because the study field is deemed to be mature to hold a consensus view that is in accordance with the theories and methods that are used in understanding the subject. Normal science is deemed to occur once the scientists agree sufficiently on the fundamentals that allow evaluation of the contested claims through sharing of the standards. Normal science emerges after one of the theories in pre-science wins. A scientist who is working within the normal period phase has theories in which Kuhn equates to the paradigm based kind of research i.e. the research that is based firmly upon the precedent of scientific achievements. Normal research is usually characterized by the emergence of only one paradi gm with sufficient power capable of attracting others from the various competing scientific fields. Normal science activities are distinct and separate from the activities that occur during the paradigm crisis and the prescience. Kuhn held the view that mature science is as a result of the revolutions that occurs during the normal periods. In normal periods, scientists strive to solve problems arising from the need to view the world as one paradigm. Normal science development is a crucial step as far as the advancement of a given field is concerned. Kuhn (1962) argued that the emergence of parallel professionalism like specialist journalists is signs of the existence of normal science. Thomas Kuhn demonstrates that intellectual commitments are usually held in a tenaciously manner and that they can rarely be dislodged either by logic or evidence which is contrary. This is because the ideologies or commitments are suited to come up with scientific descriptions concerning the manner in which the work is performed and also constituting normative positions entailing the manner in which the entire globe should work.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Professionalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mercantilism and the century of classical economics Period The economic theory of mercantilism talks about a nation’s prosperity in terms of production capacity and other related parameters. It holds a nation’s prosperity .It was the overriding theory in Europe during the early period i.e. from 15th to 18th century. During this period, the workers carried on production and also controlled the production means. Merchants were the capitalists and the capital mainly consisted of inventories and money. This period reflected the transition of economic conditions based on the improvement in the production capacity of the workers. Adam Smith who was an economist came up with the Mercantilism phil osophy through the publication of book that was referred to as the Wealth of Nations (Smith, 1976). Like the science structure by Kuhn, Mercantilism philosophy was characterized by transitions. The earliest period of Mercantilism usually resulted at a time during which the entire Europe region was facing shortage of silver and gold. The period was referred to as bullionsim period and the silver and gold were being termed as bullions and they were valued mainly by weights because there were no paper currencies then. European nations did not have money needed to service the trade volume, which was expanding very rapidly. Bullion policies were thus devised and were aimed at attracting a smooth flow of silver and gold to a given country and also to prohibit their export by keeping them. These restrictions however lasted until seventeenth century. Spain was the only country that applied the bullionist restrictions for a long period as compared to other European Nations. This was due to t he fact that most gold originating from America flowed to Spain directly. This period of mercantilism however is similar to the prescience period as illustrated by Kuhn (Stiles Akaha, 1991). After this period, the desire by Mercantile to maximize silver and gold within a given country facilitated the major attempts by government to design a balance of trade that is favorable. This saw the rise in export of different goods as well as insuring and shipping of those goods. Other measures that were taken in order to encourage trade were monopoly patents issuance e.t.c. These advancements gave some individuals exclusive rights to practice all kind of trades in a certain area. The main reason behind the monopoly rights was to encourage the spirit of inventions. After sometime, the monopoly rights later became severally abused and in turn contributed to a patronage and privileges complex systems. This is in contrary with the Kuhn’s scientific periods whereby the second period of me rcantile brought some form of inconveniences rather than advancements (Guzzini, 1998). Adam Smith could be considered as the father of classical economies because through his work â€Å"The wealth of Nation’s† in 1776 is regarded as its commencement. Classical economies as a term were coined by an economist by the name Karl Marx. It is a set of scientific theories whose proponents were economists if the 19th century who had major concerns in the scientific revolution and dynamism of economic growth.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The classical economists helped in producing magnificent dynamics at a time when there was emergence of capitalism from feudalism. Also, it was during this period that there were vast changes in the society as a result of industrial revolution. The changes caused the society to seek for an organized system where each person could attain monetary gains by devoting their skills and other resources in production. The classical economists and their immediate predecessors have shifted the economies from individualism to cater for the national border interests where everything is done in the interest of the nation as a whole. The wealth of nations by Adam Smith and the subsequent policies that were devised later enhanced economic growth among nations and it was considered as major developments as far as classical economies are concerned (Ekelund Hebert, 2007). While reacting against the mercantilism theory, classical economics stressed on economic free ideas that were stress free for ins tance free competition and leissez-faire system. Many principles of this theory originated from Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations through which nation’s wealth was considered to be the greatest as citizens continued to pursue their individual interests. Classical economics as a theory assumes the principle of labor and full employment. The lapses that occur from full employment are considered as only abnormal. Their explanation however does not form a part of classical economics subject matter (Kurtz et al, 2007 pg.65). Just like Kuhn’s scientific theories, the mercantilism theory and classical economies theory are similar in that the theories have been accepted generally by the economists and have therefore been revised period after period. Although the underlying principles have over the years been elaborated and refined by different writers, they usually forms the core of any arguments and cannot in one way or another be phased out. For instance, the classical p rinciples have been widely accepted world wide thus rendering them to be labeled classical (Salmon, 1999). Thomas Kuhn in his structure of Scientific Revolutions argues that natural sciences history has been faced with periodic crises especially when paradigm is rejected, challenged and displaced by the emergence of new paradigm. The process thus is characterized with both sociological and well epistemological aspects which are defined by the cognitive and regulative nature of the paradigm period. However, besides Keynesian revolution, no change in paradigm phases has been experienced as compared to those of natural sciences. This is because of the economic paradigm nature, which is not exposed to falsification, and also less precise. Crucial experiments and critical anomalies do not occur in economics as opposed to natural sciences. The paradigm change process may therefore serve well as an important type for clarifying the interrelationships that exists between the conceptual, ter minological, professional and personal elements which are involved in advancement of economic ideas and opinions like those episodes that results from classical economics emergence (Guzzini, 1998). Compared to economic theory, the scientific theory lacks progress because scientific theories are usually deemed to be great than the theories that are advanced by the predecessors as they are assumed to represent the true picture of nature. Conclusion Thomas Kuhn wrote Structure of Scientific Revolution in 1962. This made him a renowned great academician of science. In his writings, he made important notions about philosophy. This made him to be a famous academician. In his work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), Kuhn identified periods of prehistory and century of pre science. Kuhn’s definition of pre science and century of normal science has great similarities to what is perceived from mercantilism and century of classical economics. Kuhn concluded by mentioning th at the field of science has been susceptible to prejudice fad, fashion and delusion in one way or another as a result of human endeavors. Reference List Arbeitskreis, G. (1961). Eastern Germany, Economy Holzner-Verlag. German: Wuerzburg Ekelund, R.B. Hebert, R. F. (2007). A history of economic theory and method, fifth edition. Canada: McGraw-Hill Publishing Guzzini, S. (1998). Realism in international relations and international political economy. US: Routledge. Kuhn, T. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Kurz, H et.al. (2007). Interpreting classical economic studies in long-period analysis. New York: Routledge. Salmon, M. (1999). Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.Pg.326. Smith, A. (1976). An inquiry into the nature and the causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: J.Dent, p.406. Stiles, K. Akaha, T. (1991). International political economy. New York: HarperCollins